A to Z – Network Security Related Abbreviations and Terms

data communication and networking abbreviations a to z tech hyme

The simple fact of security is that you cannot do a very good job defending unless you first know what you are defending!

Information technology resources span many different types of technologies and involve many different types of users. Almost every facet of an organization in almost every industry is involved with its use. The information security process is critical to the integrity and survival of today’s organizations.

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Of course, there are many different types of safeguards and controls available for use in securing an organization’s environment. The most pertinent technical safeguards are:

Network firewall
Gateway/server/host antivirus/mobile code software
Host firewall
Host lockdown and system monitoring software
Hardware/software VPN
Application input filter
Network intrusion detection system
Secure coding practices
Host intrusion detection system
Central user authentication server
Honey pot and network decoy
Password management/control system
Proxy server
Access and policy control server
Load balancer
Smartcard/token two-factor authentication
Router ACL
Degassing and data wiping software/tool
Switch VLAN
Network security audit/assessment
Vulnerability scanning/management software
Coding security audit/review
Event/system log monitoring and alerting software
Virtual machine
OS patch management software
File encryption
Security login banner
E-mail encryption

Below is the list of common abbreviations and terms used in Network Security;

S.No.	Short Name	Full Name	Details
1	ASN.1	Abstract Syntax Notation 1	A standard for representing simple and structured data.
2	AP	Access Point	A central base station in a BSS.
3	ACK	Acknowledgement	A response sent by the receiver to indicate the successful receipt of data.
4	ARP	Address Resolution Protocol	In TCP/IP, a protocol for obtaining the physical address of a node when the Internet address in known.
5	AES	Advanced Encryption Standard	A secret key cryptosystem adapted by NIST to replace DES.
6	AMPS	Advanced Mobile Phone System	A north American analog cellular phone system using FDMA.
7	ARPA	Advanced Research Projects Agency	The government agency that funded ARPANET.
8	ARPANET	Advanced Research Projects Agency Network	The packet switching network that was funded by ARPA.
9	ALOHA	–	The original random multiple access method in which a station can send a frame any time it has one to send.
10	AMI	Alternate Mark Inversion	A digital-to-digital bipolar encoding method in which the amplitude representing 1 alternates between positive and negative voltages.
11	ANSI	Americal National Standards Institute	A national standards organization that defines the standards in the United States.
12	ASCII	American Standard Code for Information Interchange	A character code developed by ANSI that used extensively for data communication.
13	AM	Amplitude Modulation	An analog-to-analog conversion method in which the carrier signal’s amplitude varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
14	ASK	Amplitude Shift Keying	A modulation method in which the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 0 or 1.
15	AAL	Application Adaption Layer	A layer in ATM protocol that breaks user data into 48-byte payloads.
16	ADSL	Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line	A communication technology in which the downstream data rate is higher than the upstream rate.
17	ABM	Asynchronous Balanced Mode	In HDLC, a communication mode in which all in which all stations are equal.
18	ACL	Asynchronous Connectionless Link	A link between a Bluetooth master and slave in which a corrupted payload is retransmitted.
19	ATM	Asynchronous Transfer Mode	A wide area protocol featuring high data rates and equal-sized packets (cells); ATM is suitable for transferring text, audio, and video data.
20	AUI	Attachment Unit Interface	A 10Base5 cable that performs the physical interface functions between the station and the transceiver.
21	AH	Authentication Header Protocol	A Protocol defined by IPSec at the network layer that provides integrity to a message through the creation of a digital signature by a hashing function.
22	AS	Authentication Server	The KDC in the kerberos protocol.
23	ARQ	Automatic Repeat Request	An error-control method in which correction is made by re-transmission of data.
24	AS	Autonomous System	A group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administration.
25	BECN	Backward Explicit Congestion Notification	A bit in the Frame Relay packet that notifies the sender of congestion.
26	BER	Basic Encoding Rule	A standard that encodes data to be transferred through a network.
27	BSS	Basic Service Set	The building block of a wireless LAN as defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard.
28	BNC	Bayone-Neill-Concelman Connector	A common coaxial cable connector.
29	B-frame	Bidirectional Frame	An MPEG frame that is related to the preceding and following I-frame or P-frame.
30	B8ZS	Bipolar With 8-Zero Substitution	A scrambling technique in which a stream of 8 zeroes are replaced by a predefined pattern to improve bit synchronization.
31	BOOTP	Bootstrap Protocol	The protocol that provides configuration information form a table (file).
32	BGP	Border Gateway Protocol	An interautonomous system routing protocol based on path vector routing.
33	BUS	Broadcast/Unknown Server	A server connected to an ATM switch that can multicast and broadcast frames.
34	CMTS	Cable Modem Transmission System	A device installed inside the distribution hub that receives data from the Internet and passes them to the combiner.
35	CSMA	Carrier Sense Multiple Access	A Contention access method in which each station listens to the line before transmitting data.
36	CSMA/CA	Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance	An access method in which collision is avoided.
37	CSMA/CD	Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection	An Access method in which stations transmit whenever the transmission medium is available and re-transmit when collision occurs.
38	CA	Certification Authority	An agency such as a federal or state organization that binds a public key to an entity and issues a certificate.
39	CHAP	Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol	In PPP, a three-way handshaking protocol used for authentication.
40	CBC	Cipher Block Chaining Mode	A DES and triple DES operation mode in which the encryption (or decryption) of a block depends on all previous blocks.
41	CFB	Cipher Feedback mode	A DES and triple DES operation mode in which data is sent and received 1 bit at a time, with each bit independent of the previous bits.
42	CSM	Cipher Stream Mode	A DES and triple DES operation mode in which data is sent and received 1 byte at a time.
43	CIDR	Classless InterDomain Routing	A technique to reduce the number of routing table entries when supernetting is used.
44	CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access	A multiple access method in which one channel carries all transmissions simultaneously.
45	Bc	Committed Burst Size	The maximum number of bits in a specific time period that a Frame Relay network must transfer without discarding any frames.
46	CIR	Committed Information Rate	The committed burst size divided by time.
47	CGI	Common Gateway Interface	A standard for communication between HTTP servers and executable programs. CGI is used in creating dynamic documents.
48	CATV	Community Antenna TV	A cable network service that broadcasts video signals to locations with poor or no reception.
49	CLEC	Competitive Local Exchange Carrier	A telephone company that cannot provide main telephone services; instead, other services such as mobile telephone service and toll calls inside a LATA are provided.
50	CCK	Complementary Code Keying	An HR-DSSS encoding method that encodes four or eight bits into one symbol.
51	CBR	Constant Bit Rate	The data rate of an ATM service class that is designed for customers requiring real-time audio or video services.
52	CCITT	Consultative Committee For International Telegraphy and Telephony	An international standards group now known as the ITU-T.
53	CS	Convergence Sublayer	In ATM Protocol, the upper AAL sublayer that adds a header or a trailer to the user data.
54	CBT	Core-Based Tree	In multicasting, a group-shared protocol that uses a center router as the root of the tree.
55	CRC	Cyclic Redundancy Check	A highly accurate error-detection method base on interpreting a pattern of bits as a polynomial.
56	DES	Data Encryption Standard	The U.S. government standard encryption method for nonmilitary and non-classified use.
57	DLCI	Data Link Connection Identifier	A number that identifies the virtual circuit in Frame Relay.
58	DOCSIS	Data Over Cable System Interface Specifications	A standard for data transmission over on HFC network.
59	dB	Decibel	A measure of the relative strength of two signal points.
60	DEMUX	Demultiplexer	A device that separates a multiplexed signal into its original components.
61	DS or Diffserv	Differentiated Services	A class-based QoS model designed for IP.
62	D-AMPS	Digital AMPS	A second-generation cellular phone system that is a digital version of AMPS.
63	DDS	Digital Data Service	A digital version of an analog leased line with a rate of 64 kbps.
64	DS	Digital Signal Service	A telephone company service featuring a hierarchy of digital signals.
65	DSL	Digital Subscriber Line	A technology using existing telecommunication networks to accomplish high-speed delivery of data, voice, video and multimedia.
66	DSLAM	Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer	A telephone company site device that functions like an ADSL Modem.
67	DC	Direct Current	A zero-frequency signal with a constant amplitude.
68	DSSS	Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum	A wireless transmission method in which each bit to be sent by the sender is replaced by a sequence of bits called a chip code.
69	DE	Discard Eligibility	A bit that identifies a packet that can be discarded if there is congestion in the network.
70	DCT	Discrete Cosine Transform	A JPEG phase in which a transformation changes the 64 values so that the relative relationships between pixels are kept but the redundancies are revealed.
71	DMT	Discrete Multitone Technique	A modulation method combining elements of QAM and FDM.
72	DVMRP	Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol	A protocol based on distance vector routing that handles multicast routing in conjunction with IGMP.
73	DCF	Distributed Coordination Function	The basic access method in wireless LANs; stations contend with each other to get access to the channel.
74	DIFS	Distributed InterFrame Space	In wireless LANs, a period of time that a station waits before sending a control frame.
75	DNS	Domain Name System	A TCP/IP application service that converts user-friendly name to IP addresses.
76	DDNS	Dynamic Domain Name System	A method to update the DNS master file dynamically.
77	DHCP	Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol	An extension to BOOTP that dynamically assigns configuration information.
78	ECB	Electronic Code Block Mode	A DES and triple DES operation method in which a long message is divided into 64-bit blocks before being encrypted separately.
79	EIA	Electronics Industries Association	An organization that promotes electronics manufacturing concerns. It has developed interface standards such as EIA-232, EIA-449, and EIA-530.
80	ESP	Encapsulating Security Payload	A protocol defined by IPSec that provides privacy as well as a combination of integrity and message authentication.
81	Be	Excess Burst Size	In Frame Relay, the maximum number of bits in excess of Bc that the user can send during a predefined period of time.
82	ESS	Extended Service Set	A wireless LAN service composed of two or more BSSs with APs as defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard.
83	FCC	Federal Communications Commission	A government agency that regulates radio, television, and telecommunications.
84	FTP	File Transfer Protocol	In TCP/IP, an application layer protocol that transfers files between two sites.
85	FIFO	First-In, First-Out Queue	A queue in which the first item in is the first item out.
86	FECN	Forward Explicit Congestion Notification	A bit in the Frame Relay Packet that notifies the destination of congestion.
87	FRAD	Frame Relay Assembler/Disassembler	A device used in Frame Relay to handle frames coming from other protocols.
88	FDMA	Frequency Division Multiple Access	A Multiple access method in which the bandwidth is divided into channels.
89	FHSS	Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum	A wireless transmission method in which the sender transmits at one carrier frequency for a short period of time, then hops to another carrier frequency for the same amount of time, hops again for the same amount of time, and so on. After N hops, the cycle is repeated.
90	FM	Frequency Modulation	An analog-to-analog modulation method in which the carrier signal’s frequency varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
91	FSK	Frequency Shift Keying	A digital-to-analog encoding method in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 0 and 1.
92	FDMA	Frequency -Division Multiple Access	An access method technique in which multiple sources use assigned bandwidth in a data communication band.
93	FDM	Frequency-Division Multiplexing	The combining of analog signals into a single signal.
94	FQDN	Fully Qualified Domain Name	A Domain name consisting of labels beginning with the host and going back through each level to the root node.
95	GPS	Global Positioning System	An MEO public satellite system consisting of 24 satellites and used for land and sea navigation. GPS is not used for communication.
96	GSM	Global System for Mobile Communication	A second-generation cellular phone system used in Europe.
97	HMAC	Hashed-Message Authentication Code	A MAC based on a keyless hash function such as SHA-1.
98	Hz	Hertz	Unit of measurement for frequency.
99	HDSL	High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line	A service similar to the TI-Line that can operate at lengths up to 3.6 km.
100	HR-DSSS	High Rate Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum	A signal generation method similar to DSSS except for the encoding method. (CCK).
101	HDLC	High-Level Data Link Control	A bit-oriented data link protocol defined by the ISO.
102	HFC	Hybrid-Fiber-Coaxial Network	The second generation of cable networks; uses fiber optic and coaxial cable.
103	HTML	Hypertext Markup Language	The computer language for specifying the contents and format of a web document. It allows additional text to include codes that define fonts, layouts, embedded graphics, and hypertext links.
104	HTTP	HyperText Transfer Protocol	An application service for retrieving a web document.
105	ILEC	Incumbent Local Exchange Carrier	A telephone company that provided services before 1996 and is the owner of the cabling system.
106	IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers	A group consisting of professional engineers which has specialized societies whose committees prepare standards in members’ areas of specialty.
107	IntServ	Integrated Services	A Flow-based QoS model designed for IP.
108	IXC	Interexchange Carrier	A Long-distance company that, prior to the Act of 1996, provided communication services between two customers in different LATAs.
109	IFS	InterFrame Space	In wireless LANs, a time interval between two frames to control access to the channel.
110	IS-95	Interim Standard 95	One of the dominant second-generation cellular telephony standards in North America.
111	ISO	International Organization of Standardization	A worldwide organization that defines and develops standards on a variety of topics.
112	ITU-T	International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector	A standards organization formerly known as the CCITT.
113	IAB	Internet Architecture Board	The technical adviser to the ISOC; oversees the continuing development of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
114	IANA	Internet Assigned Numbers Authority	A group supported by the U.S. government that was responsible for the management of Internet domain names and addresses until October 1998.
115	ICMP	Internet Control Message Protocol	A protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite that handles error and control messages.
116	ICMPv6	Internet Control Message Protocol, Version	A protocol in IPv6 that handles error and control messages.
117	ICANN	Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers	A private, non-profit corporation managed by an international board that assumed IANA operations.
118	IESG	Internet Engineering Steering Group	An organization that oversees the activities of IETF.
119	IETF	Internet Engineering Task Force	A group working on the design and development of the TCP/IP protocol suite and the internet.
120	IGMP	Internet Group Management Protocol	A protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite that handles multi-casting.
121	IKE	Internet Key Exchange	A protocol designed to create security associations in SADBs.
122	IMAP4	Internet Mail Access Protocol, Version 4	A complex and powerful protocol to handle the transmission of electronic mail.
123	ITM-2000	Internet Mobile Communication	An ITU issued blueprint that defines criteria for third generation cellular telephony.
124	INTERNIC	Internet Network Information Center	An agency responsible for collecting and distributing information about TCP/IP protocols.
125	IP	Internet Protocol	The network-layer protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite governing connection less transmission across packet switching networks.
126	IPng	Internet Protocol Next Generation	The sixth version of the internet protocol.
127	IPv4	Internet Protocol Version 4	The current version of Internet Protocol.
128	IPv6	Internet Protocol, Version 6	The sixth version of the internet protocol.
129	IRTF	Internet Research Task Force	A forum of working groups focusing on long-term research topics related to the Internet.
130	ISAKMP	Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol	A protocol designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) that actually implements the exchanges defined in IKE.
131	ISP	Internet Service Provider	Usually, a company that provides Internet services.
132	ISOC	Internet Society	The nonprofit organization established to publicize the Internet.
133	internet	Internetwork	A network of networks.
134	IPCP	Internetwork Protocol Control Protocol	In PPP, the set of protocols that establish and terminate a network layer connection for IP packets.
135	IPSec	IP Security	A collection of protocols designed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) to provide security for a packet carried on the Internet.
136	ISUP	ISDN User Port	A protocol at the upper layer of SS7 that provides services similar to those of an ISDN network.
137	JPEG	Joint Photographic Experts Group	A standard for compressing continuous-tone picture.
138	KDC	Key Distribution Center	In secret key encryption, a trusted third party that shares a key with each other.
139	LANE	LAN Emulation	Local Area Network emulation using ATM switches.
140	LEC	LAN Emulation Client	In ATM LANs, client software that receives services from a LES.
141	LES	LAN Emulation Server	In ATM LANs, server software that creates a virtual circuit between the source and destination.
142	LCP	Link Control Protocol	A PPP protocol responsible for establishing, maintaining, configuring, and terminating links.
143	LSA	Link State Advertisement	In OSPF, method to disperse information.
144	LSP	Link State Packet	In link state routing, a small packet containing routing information sent by a router to all other routers.
145	LATA	Local Access And Transport Area	An area covered by one or more telephone companies.
146	LAN	Local Area Network	A network connecting devices inside a single building or inside buildings close to each other.
147	LANE	Local Area Network Emulation	Software that enables an ATM switch to behave like a LAN switch.
148	LEC	Local Exchange Carrier	A telephone company that handles services inside a LATA.
149	LMI	Local Management Information	A protocol used in Frame Relay that provides management features
150	LLC	Logical Link Control	The upper sublayer of the data link layer as defined by IEEE Project 802.2.
151	L2CAP	Logical Link Control And Adaptation Protocol	A Bluetooth layer used for data exchange on an ACL LInk.
152	LEO	Low Earth Orbit	A polar satellite orbit with an altitude between 500 and 2000 km. A satellite with this orbit has a rotation period of 90 to 120 minutes.
153	MTA	Mail Transfer Agent	An SMTP component that transfers the mail across the Internet.
154	MIB	Management Information Base	The database used by SNMP that holds the information necessary for management of a network.
155	MTU	Maximum Transfer Unit	The largest size data unit a specific network can handle.
156	MAC	Medium Access Control Sublayer	The lower sublayer in the data link layer defined by the IEEE 802 project. It defines the access method and access control in different local area network protocols.
157	MEO	Medium Earth Orbit	A satellite orbit positioned between the two Van Allen belts. A satellite at this orbit takes six hours to circle the earth.
158	MAA	Message Access Agent	A client-server program that pulls the stored email messages.
159	MAC	Message Authentication Code	A keyed has function.
160	MTA	Message Transfer Agent	An SMTP component that transfers the message across the Internet.
161	MAN	Metropolitan Area Network	A network that can span a geographical area the size of a city.
162	MSC	Mobile Switching Center	In cellular telephony, a switching office that coordinates communication between all base stations and the telephone central office.
163	MTSO	Mobile Telephone Switching Office	An office that controls and coordinates communication between all of the cell offices and the telephone control office.
164	MDC	Modification Detection Code	The digest created by a hash function.
165	MPEG	Motion Picture Experts Group	A method to compress videos.
166	MBONE	Multicast Backbone	A set of internet routers supporting multi-casting through the use of tunneling.
167	MOSPF	Multicast Open Shortest Path First	A multicast protocol that uses multicast link state routing to create a source-based least cost tree.
168	MLT-3	Multiline Transmission, 3-Level Encoding	A line coding scheme featuring 3 levels of signals and transitions at the beginning of the 1 bit.
169	MA	Multiple Access	A line access method in which every station can access the line freely.
170	MUX	Multiplexer	A device used for multiplexing.
171	MIME	Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension	A supplement to SMTP that allows non-ASCII data to be sent through SMTP.
172	NAP	Network Access Point	A complex switching station that connects backbone networks.
173	NAT	Network Address translation	A technology that allows a private network to use a set of private addresses for internal communication and a set of global Internet addresses for external communication.
174	NCP	Network Control Protocol	In PPP, a set of control protocols that allows the encapsulation of data coming from network layer protocols.
175	NAV	Network Allocation Vector	In CSMA/CA, the amount of time that must pass before a station can check for an idle line.
176	NIC	Network Interface Card	An electronic device, internal or external to a station, that contains circuitry to enable the station to be connected to the network.
177	NVT	Network Virtual Teminal	A TCP/IP application protocol that allows remote login.
178	NNI	Network-To-Network Interface	In ATM, the interface between two networks.
179	NRZ	Non-Return To Zero	A digital-to-digital polar encoding method in which the signal level is always either positive or negative.
180	NRZ-I	Non-Return To Zero, Invert	An NRZ encoding method in which the signal level is inverted each time a 1 is encountered.
181	NRZ-L	Non-Return To Zero, Level	An NRZ encoding method in which the signal level is directly related to the bit value.
182	NRM	Normal Response Mode	In HDLC, a communication mode in which the secondary station must have permission from the primary station before transmission can proceed.
183	OSPF	Open Shortest Path First	An interior routing protocol based on link state routing.
184	OSI	Open Systems Internconnection Model	A seven-layer model for data communication defined by ISO.
185	OC	Optical Carrier	The hierarchy of fiber-optic carries defined in SONET.
186	OFDM	Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing	A multiplexing method similar to FDM, with all the sub-bands used by one source at a given time.
187	OFB	Output Feedback Mode	A mode similar to the CFB mode with one difference. Each bit in the ciphertext is independent of the previous bit or bits.
188	PQDN	Partially Qualified Domain Name	A domain name that does not include all the levels between the host and the root node.
189	PAP	Password Authentication Protocol	A simple two-step authentication protocol used in PPP.
190	PHB	Per Hop Behavior	In the Diffserv model, a 6-bit field that defines the packet-handling mechanism for the packet.
191	PVC	Permanent Virtual Circuit	A virtual circuit transmission method in which the same virtual circuit is used between source and destination on a continual basis.
192	PCS	Personal Communication System	A generic term for a commercial cellular system that offers several kinds of communication services.
193	PM	Phase Modulation	An analog-to-analog modulation method in which the carrier signal’s phase varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal.
194	PSK	Phase Shift Keying	A digital-to-analog modulation method in which the phase of the carrier signal is varied to represent a specific bit pattern.
195	POTS	Plain Old Telephone System	The conventional telephone network used for voice communication.
196	PCF	Point Coordination Function	In wireless LANs, an optional and complex access method implemented in an infrastructure network.
197	POP	Point Of Presence	A switching office where carriers can interact with each other.
198	PPP	Point-To-Point Protocol	A protocol for data transfer across a serial line.
199	P/F	Poll/Final Bit	A bit in the control field of HDLC; if the primary is sending, it can be a poll bit; if the secondary is sending, it can be a final bit.
200	POP3	Post Office Protocol, Version 3	A popular but simple SMTP mail access protocol.
201	PGP	Pretty Good Privacy	A protocol that provides all four aspects of security in the sending of email.
202	PIM	Protocol Independent Multicast	A multi-casting protocol family with two members, PIM-DM and PIM-SM; both protocols are unicast-protocol dependent.
203	PIM-DM	Protocol Independent Multicast, Dense Mode	A source-based routing protocol that uses RPF and pruning/grafting strategies to handle multi-casting.
204	PIM-SM	Protocol Independent Multicast, Sparse Mode	A group-shared routing protocol that is similar to CBT and uses a rendezvous point as the source of the tree.
205	PN	Pseudorandom Noise	A pseudorandom code generator used in FHSS.
206	PKI	Public Key Infrastructure	A hierarchical structure of CA servers.
207	PAM	Pulse Amplitude Modulation	A technique in which an analog signal is sampled; the result is a series of pulses based on the sampled data.
208	PCM	Pulse Code Modulation	A technique that modifies PAM pulses to create a digital signal.
209	QAM	Quadrature Amplitude Modulation	A digital-to-analog modulation method in which the phase and amplitude of the carrier signal vary with the modulating signal.
210	QOS	Quality Of Service	A set of attributes related to the performance of the connection.
211	RADSL	Rate Adaptive Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line	A DSL-based technology that features different data rates depending on the type of communication.
212	ROM	Read-Only Memory	Permanent memory with contents that cannot be changed.
213	RTSP	Real-Time Streaming Protocol	An out-of-band control protocol designed to add more functionality to the streaming audio/video process.
214	RTCP	Real-Time Transport Control Protocol	A companion protocol to RTP with messages that control the flow and quality of data and allow the recipient to send feedback to the source or sources.
215	RTP	Real-Time Transport Protocol	A Protocol for real-time traffic; used in conjunction with UDP.
216	RFC	Request For Comment	A formal Internet document concerning an Internet issue.
217	RSVP	Resource Reservation Protocol	A signaling protocol to help IP create a flow and make a resource reservation to improve QoS.
218	RZ	Return To Zero	A digital-to-digital encoding technique in which the voltage of the signal is zero for the second half of the bit interval.
219	RARP	Reverse Address Resolution Protocol	A TCP/IP protocol that allows a host to find its Internet address given its physical address.
220	RPB	Reverse Path Broadcasting	A technique in which the router forwards only the packets that have traveled the shortest path from the source to the router.
221	RPF	Reverse Path Forwarding	A technique in which the router forwards only the packets that have traveled the shortest path from the source to the router.
222	RPM	Reverse Path Multicasting	A technique that adds pruning and grafting to RPB to create a multicast shortest path tree that supports dynamic membership changes.
223	RSA	Rivest, Sharmir, Adleman Encryption	A popular public-key encryption method developed by Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman.
224	RTT	Round-Trip Time	The time required for a datagram to go from a source to a destination and then back again.
225	RIP	Routing Information Protocol	A routing protocol based on the distance vector routing algorithm.
226	SHA-1	Secure Hash Algorithm 1	A hash algorithm designed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS).
227	SSL	Secure Socket Layer	A protocol designed to provide security and compression services to data generated from the application layer.
228	SA	Security Association	An IPSec protocol that creates a logical connection between two hosts.
229	SADB	Security Association Database	A database defining a set of single security associations.
230	SPI	Security Parameter Index	A parameter that uniquely distinguish one security association from the others.
231	SAR	Segmentation And Reassembly	The lower AAL sublayer in the ATM protocol in which a header and/or trailer may be added to produce a 48-byte element.
232	SCP	Server Control Point	In SS7 terminology, the node that controls the whole operation of the network.
233	SIP	Session Initiation Protocol	In voice over IP, an application protocol that establishes, manages, and terminates a multimedia session.
234	STP	Shielded Twisted-Pair	Twisted-pair cable enclosed in a foil or mesh shield that protects against electromagnetic interference.
235	SIFS	Short Inter-Frame Space	In CSMA/CA, a period of time that the destination waits after receiving the RTS.
236	SCCP	Signaling Connection Control Point	In SS7, the control points used for special services such as 800 calls.
237	SP	Signal Point	In SS7 terminology, the user telephone or computer is connected to the signal points.
238	STP	Signal Transport Port	In SS7 terminology, the node used by the signaling network.
239	SS7	Signaling System Seven	The protocol that is used in the signaling network.
240	SNR	Signal-To-Noise Ratio	The ratio of average signal power to average noise power.
241	SEAL	Simple And Efficient Adaptation Layer	An AAL layer designed for the Internet (AAL5).
242	SMTP	Simple Mail Transfer Protocol	The TCP/IP protocol defining electronic mail service on the Internet.
243	SNMP	Simple Network Management Protocol	The TCP/IP protocol that specifies the process of management in the Internet.
244	SCTP	Stream Control Transmission Protocol	The transport layer protocol designed for Internet telephony and related applications.
245	SMI	Structure of Management Information	In SNMP, a component used in network management.
246	SVC	Switched Virtual Circuit	A virtual Circuit transmission method in which a virtual circuit is created and in existence only for the duration of the exchange.
247	SDSL	Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line	A DSL-based technology similar to HDSL, but using only one single twisted-pair cable.
248	SCO	Synchronous Connection Oriented Link	In a Bluetooth network, a physical link created between a master and a slave that reserves specific slots at regular intervals.
249	SDH	Synchronous Digital Hierarchy	The ITU-T equivalent of SONET.
250	SPE	Synchronous Payload Envelope	The part of the SONET frame containing user data and transmission overhead.
251	STM	Synchronous Transport Module	A signal in the SDH hierarchy.
252	STS	Synchronous Transport Signal	A signal in the SONET hierarchy.
253	TUP	Telephone User Port	A protocol at the upper layer of SS7 that is responsible for setting up voice calls.
254	TELNET	Terminal Network	A general purpose client-server program that allows remote login.
255	TGS	Ticket-Granting Server	A Kerberos server that issues tickets.
256	TDD-TDMA	Time Division Duplexing TDMA	In a Bluetooth network, a kind of half-duplex communication in which the slave and receiver send and receive data, but not at the same time (half-duplex).
257	TDMA	Time Division Multiple Access	A multiple access method in which the bandwidth is just one time-shared channel.
258	TTL	Time To Live	The lifetime of a packet.
259	TDM	Time-Division Multiplexing	The technique of combining signals coming from low-speed channels to share time on a high-speed path.
260	TSI	Time-Slot Interchange	A time-division switch consisting of RAM and a control unit.
261	TCAP	Transaction Capabilities Application Port	A protocol at the upper layer SS7 that provides remote procedure calls that let an application program on a computer invoke a procedure on another computer.
262	TCP	Transmission Control Protocol	A transport protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite.
263	TCP/IP	Transmission Control Protocol/Interworking Protocol	A five-layer protocol suite that defines the exchange of transmissions across the Internet.
264	TLS	Transport Layer Security	The IETF standard version of SSL. The two are very similar, with slight differences.
265	TFTP	Trivial File Transfer Protocol	An unreliable TCP/IP protocol for file transfer that does not require complex interaction between client and server.
266	TOS	Type Of Service	A criteria or value that specifies the handling of the datagram.
267	URL	Uniform Resource Locator	A string of characters (address) that identifies a page on a World Wide Web.
268	UTP	Unshielded Twisted-Pair	A cable with wires that are twisted together to reduce noise and crosstalk.
269	UBR	Unspecified Bit Rate	The data rate of an ATM service class specifying only best-effort delivery.
270	UA	User Agent	An SMTP component that prepares the message, creates the envelope, and puts the message in the envelope.
271	UDP	User Datagram Protocol	A connection-less TCP/IP transport layer protocol.
272	UNI	User Network Interface	The interface between a user and the ATM network.
273	UNI	User-To-Network Interface	In ATM, the interface between and end point (user) and an ATM switch.
274	VBR	Variable Bit Rate	The data rate of an ATM service class for users needing a varying bit rate.
275	VDSL	Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line	A DSL-based technology for short distances.
276	VC	Virtual Circuit	A logical circuit made between the ending and receiving computer.
277	VPN	Virtual Private Network	A technology that creates a network that is physically public, but virtually private.
278	VT	Virtual Tributary	A partial payload that can be inserted into a SONET frame and combined with other partial payloads to fill out the frame.
279	VOFR	Voice Over Frame Relay	A Frame Relay option that can handle voice data.
280	WDM	Wave-Division Multiplexing	The combining of modulated light signals into one signal.
281	WAN	Wide Area Network	A network that uses a technology that can span a large geographical distance.
282	WATS	Wide Area Telephone Service	A telephone service in which the charges are based on the number of calls made.
283	WWW	World Wide Web	A multimedia Internet Service that allows users to traverse the Internet by moving from one document to another via links that connect them together.

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